2026 Vol.33(5): 1–8    [Abstract] ( 10 )    [PDF 2302 KB ] ( 2 )

YODA encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), which plays a crucial regulatory role in plant growth and development. To investigate the biological function of YODA in wheat, this study cloned the TaYODA 2D gene from wheat leaves. The gene coding region was 2 670 bp in length, encoding 889 amino acids, and produced a hydrophilic, unstable basic protein. The secondary structure was primarily composed of random coils, α-helices, extended chains, and β-sheets. In addition, the TaYODA 2D protein contained 115 phosphorylation sites and 176 glycosylation sites. The promoter region contained cis-acting elements essential for transcriptional regulation, hormone response, light response, stress induction, as well as metabolic and tissue regulation. Systematic evolutionary analysis revealed that the wheat TaYODA 2D protein shared a close phylogenetic relationship with Brachypodium distachyon. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the TaYODA 2D gene was expressed in roots, coleoptile, stems, leaves, and spikelets. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that its encoded protein was likely localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. This study provides a theoretical foundation and genetic resources for elucidating the function of the TaYODA 2D gene in wheat and its application in breeding.

2026 Vol.33(5): 9–16    [Abstract] ( 10 )    [PDF 1184 KB ] ( 1 )

In order to optimize the extraction and decolorization processes of scleroglucan and evaluate the antioxidant properties of the product so as to improve the yield and quality of scleroglucan, the alcohol-precipitation method was adopted for scleroglucan extraction. The main results were as follows: the content of scleroglucan was 0.165 mg/mL by phenol-sulfuric acid method, and the polysaccharide retention rate was 96.66% when the volume ratio of fermentation broth to anhydrous ethanol was 1∶2 by alcohol precipitation method. Small granular activated carbon, macroporous resin D101 and macroporous resin S8 were used to screen the decolorization conditions. Single factor tests were carried out from five aspects: decolorization temperature, decolorization time, pH and the type of decolorizing material and additive amount of decoloring material. The optimal conditions for small granular activated carbon decolorization were 40 ℃, 50 min and the amount of pH 4.0 and additive amount of 2.0%. The optimal conditions for macroporous resin D101 are 30 ℃, 30 min, pH 3 and 13.33%. The best condition for macroporous resin S8 is 30 ℃, 60 min, pH 4 and 30% addition. In the study of the antioxidant activity of scleroglucan, when the concentration of scleroglucan was 6 mg/mL, the absorbance value was about 0.329 at 700 nm; when the concentration of scleroglucan was 3 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of DPPH and superoxide anion radical were 96.17% and 35.76%, respectively. The scavenging ability of scleroglucan to hydroxyl free radical was little related to the concentration, and the clearance rate can reach about 99.44%. The results showed that scleroglucan had certain antioxidant capacity in vitro. In addition, the values of 75% oat extract as the control were lower than that of scleroglucan, which indicated that scleroglucan had better antioxidant properties, which provides a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of scleroglucan, and has excellent economic value and application prospects.

2026 Vol.33(5): 17–25    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 1307 KB ] ( 1 )

To investigate the effects of light intensity, nitrogen application and their interaction on maize growth and photosynthetic physiology during the jointing stage, a study was conducted using two maize cultivars（‘ZD958’ and ‘XY335’）under two nitrogen levels（0 kg/hm² and 150 kg/hm²）and two shading treatments（80% shading vs. natural light）. The results showed that compared to the control（N1 treatment）, low nitrogen（N0）, shading（SN1）and combined low nitrogen+shading（SN0）treatments significantly reduced leaf area, dry matter accumulation, net photosynthetic rate（Pn）, intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）and stomatal conductance（Gs）in both cultivars. SPAD values decreased under N0 and SN1 treatments, but increased after 10 days under SN0. The K-point of OJIP curves showed changes under stress treatments: fluorescence intensity at the K-point increased in ‘XY335’（SN1>SN0>N0）, whereas it decreased in ‘ZD958’（SN0>SN1>N0）. Further analysis showed that parameters such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC, TRo/RC and ETo/RC increased in ‘XY335’ under low N stress, but decreased in ‘ZD958’. Both cultivars showed reduced parameters under shading and combined treatments. Among the PSII performance parameters, φPo, φEo and ψEo showed no significant differences among treatments and cultivars. Under low N stress, ‘XY335’ showed increased φRo and δRo, while ‘ZD958’ showed the opposite trend. Under shade and combined treatments, φRo and δRo generally decreased while PIABS generally increased in both cultivars. In summary, under low nitrogen, shading, and their combination, maize balances electron transport by regulating PSII donor/acceptor-side activities and reaction-center energy allocation, which is an important reason for the regulation of photosynthetic capacity and varietal differences in stress tolerance.

2026 Vol.33(5): 26–31    [Abstract] ( 10 )    [PDF 761 KB ] ( 2 )

Since making full use of salinized soil is one of the important ways to increase grain output, it is of great significance to study exogenous substances to improve salt tolerance of winter wheat. In this study, the effects of proline seed soaking at different concentrations on seed vigor and organic osmolyte contents in seedlings of winter wheat under salt stress were investigated. The results showed that seed soaking with 250 μmol/L proline significantly increased germination energy, germination percentage, germination index, vigor index, seedling height, and root length under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Under 90 mmol/L NaCl stress, proline soaking increased the contents of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in winter wheat seedlings, with the 250 μmol/L treatment showing the overall greatest effect. Seed soaking with 350 μmol/L proline significantly increased only the germination index under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress, whereas 450 μmol/L proline showed inhibitory effects on some germination and growth traits. These results indicate that an appropriate concentration of proline, particularly 250 μmol/L, can improve seed germination and seedling growth of winter wheat under low salt stress.

2026 Vol.33(5): 32–38    [Abstract] ( 13 )    [PDF 1263 KB ] ( 0 )

This study aims to investigate the effects of fixation methods on the sensory quality, chemical component contents and rehydration ratio of asparagus tea, so as to determine the optimal preparation process for asparagus tea. Asparagus tea was prepared by green tea processing technology with asparagus as raw material. The pan fixation and steam fixation were used respectively, and the effects of different methods on the quality of asparagus tea were studied by sensory evaluation and physicochemical analysis. The results showed that the optimal processing conditions of asparagus tea made by pan fixation were pan fixing at 110 ℃ for 7 min, hot-air drying at 110 ℃ for 105 min, air-cooling to room temperature and then drying at 90 ℃ for 120 min. The optimal processing technology of asparagus tea made by steam fixation were steaming for 3 min, hot-air drying at 110 ℃ for 105 min, air-cooling to room temperature and then drying at 90 ℃ for 120 min. The asparagus tea by steam fixation got the highest total sensory evaluation score of 90.23 points, and the tea polyphenols, catechins and maximum rehydration ratio were higher, which were 4.05%, 2.44% and 697.70% respectively. This study not only provides a new direction for the intensive processing of asparagus, but also enriches the product categories in the tea beverage market.

2026 Vol.33(5): 39–44    [Abstract] ( 9 )    [PDF 4708 KB ] ( 0 )

The large size and thick shell of Mercenaria Mercenaria make it easy to change the quality of the clams due to the long time required to open the shell during thermal processing. Ultra-high pressure（UHP）shell opening technology can better preserve the colour and aroma of the product, but it produces a large amount of UHP shell opening treatment solution. In order to make effective utilization of the treatment solution, the changes in flavour characteristics of freeze-dried powder（MFP1, MFP2, MFP3）with different UHP pressures（200 MPa, 250 MPa, 300 MPa, 6 min）were analysed by using freeze-dried powder（MFPS）of boiled shell-opening treatment solution of M. mercenaria as a control. The results showed that the flavours of the four groups of lyophilized powders differed significantly: in which the volatile flavour substances and contents of the control MFPS group were significantly lower than those of the three groups of MFP1, MFP2, and MFP3, but their protein and fat contents, sweetness, bitterness, and freshness values were highly significantly higher than those of the other three groups（P<0.001）, which indirectly indicated that the UHP treatment could better retain the nutrients and flavour substances of the clam meat of M.mercenaria compared with the boiled treatment. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the reuse of UHP shell-opening treatment solution of M. mercenaria.

2026 Vol.33(5): 45–53    [Abstract] ( 10 )    [PDF 1143 KB ] ( 1 )

In order to investigate the effects of Chlorella vulgaris（Beijerinck）on the growth, nutrition and flavor of Paramisgurnus dabryanus, three experimental groups were established: a control group（fed only basic feed）, an algal powder group（fed feed containing 3% Chlorella vulgaris powder）, and an algal liquid group（fed basic feed with concentrated Chlorella vulgaris liquid added to the aquaculture water）. The aquaculture experiment was conducted for 45 d.The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the algae powder and algae liquid groups were significantly higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. The crude fat content of each treatment group decreased significantly（P<0.05）, the crude protein, total amino acids, fresh amino acids, flavor amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids content of the algae powder group was significantly higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）, the essential amino acids content of the algal liquid group was elevated but not significant（P>0.05）, and the saturated fatty acids content of the two groups was significantly lower than that of the control group（P<0.05）. In conclusion, the addition of Chlorella can significantly promote the growth, optimize the nutrition, and improve the muscle taste and quality of Paramisgurnus dabryanus, and the effect was better with the addition of algal powder.

2026 Vol.33(5): 54–61    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 1243 KB ] ( 0 )

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of Channa argus, 94 samples were collected from Duliujian River（D）, Yuqiao Reservoir（K）, Jizhou（J）, Tianjin and Shenyang, Liaoning Province（L）. The genetic diversity and structure of four C. argus populations were analyzed by mitochondrial D-loop and COI gene sequences. The results showed that the homologous length of D-loop and COI gene sequences was 818-823 bp and 654-655 bp, and the content of A+T was 61.0% and 48.9%, and the content of C+G was 39.0% and 51.1%, respectively. The A/T base migration was obvious in D-loop sequence. A total of 94 samples from 4 populations defined 32 and 23 haplotypes, respectively. The haplotype diversity（Hd）, nucleotide diversity（Pi）and mean nucleotide difference（K）of D-loop and COI gene sequences were 0.883 1, 0.005 7, 4.628 0 and 0.833 9, 0.042 6, 27.746 0, respectively. The K2p genetic distance and the genetic differentiation index（Fst）were 0.002 1— 0.003 4 and 0.021 2—0.055 3, respectively. The analysis of genetic variation（AMOVA）showed that the genetic variation in four populations mainly came from within the population. The haplotype phylogenetic trees constructed by Neighbor Joining（NJ）method based on D-loop and COI genes showed that the four populations failed to form obvious geographical branches. The results of neutral test indicated that there may have been population expansion or natural selection. In conclusion, there was some genetic differentiation but no population differentiation among the four populations.

2026 Vol.33(5): 62–67    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 3482 KB ] ( 1 )

This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria strains from Tibetan chicken samples, screen bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria with high antibacterial activity, and explore their ability to antagonize Salmonella Typhimurium in mice and its effect on the phagocytosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages. In this experiment, 69 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan chicken manure were screened by Oxford cup method, and 6 strains of lactic acid bacteria were obtained, which could inhibit both indicator Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and still had strong antibacterial activity after excluding the effects of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and protease K. The 6 strains were identified by 16S rRNA as 4 strains of Lactobacillus salivarius, 1 strain of Lactobacillus plantarum and 1 strain of Lactobacillus crispatus. In this experiment, Lactobacillus plantarum S1 and Lactobacillus crispatus S2, which had the strongest inhibition effect on indicator bacteria, were selected as the research objects of the subsequent experiment. Both Lacotabacillus plantarum S1 and Lactobacillus crispatus S2 produced bacteriocins, remained viable in the presence of bile salts and at different pH values（2.0, 3.0）, and were sensitive to antibiotics. The test strains S1 and S2 were administered to mice by oral gavage prior to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. Both strains reduced the number of S. Typhimurium in the liver and spleen of mice and increased the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of mouse peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, L. plantarum S1 and L. crispatus S2 isolated from Tibetan chicken feces exhibited high antibacterial activity and conferred protective effects against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice.

2026 Vol.33(5): 68–73    [Abstract] ( 10 )    [PDF 967 KB ] ( 4 )

To study the effects of different irrigation quota per application on the growth and water use under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang and to provide a basis for regional water-saving and high-yield peanut cultivation, four irrigation treatments, W0, W1, W2, and W3, were established at the experimental field of the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2022-2023 to systematically analyze the growth indexes, water consumption characteristics and yield response of peanut. The W2 treatment（70%-80% of field water holding capacity）significantly promoted plant growth compared with W1: the height of the main stem increased by 3.13%-33.16%; in 2023, the leaf area index of W2 treatment increased by 9.59%-68.98% compared with W1 treatment from flowering stage to full fruit stage, and the water consumption in the whole growth period was characterized by ‘high in the middle and low at both ends’. The water consumption in the flower pegging stage and pod-setting stage accounted for 56.16%-72.17%, which was the key period of water demand. Although W3 treatment increased the main stem height, the leaf area index at pod-setting stage decreased by 1.02% instead of increasing, and the pod yield decreased by 2.1% in 2023 compared with that of W2. Irrigation quota per application significantly affected yield formation（P<0.01）, with the W2 treatment increasing yields by 17.13%-27.16% and water use efficiency by 4.92%-11.93% compared with W1. It is advisable to implement dynamic water regulation during the growth period of peanut under drip irrigation in Xinjiang, focusing on guaranteeing the water supply during the flower pegging stage and pod-setting stage, a seasonal total irrigation quota of 376.70-394.74 mm is recommended to achieve the coordinated improvement of yield of 5 297.35-5 528.28 kg/hm²and efficient water utilization.

2026 Vol.33(5): 74–79    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 3225 KB ] ( 0 )

In order to achieve efficient, rapid and pollution-free detection of ammonia nitrogen, this study constructed a quantitative prediction model for ammonia nitrogen in biogas slurry based on the fusion of near-infrared（NIR）and ultraviolet-visible（UV-Vis）spectral features. The partial least squares（PLS）regression method was used to screen the optimal spectral data preprocessing methods, and the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm（CARS）was employed to extract characteristic wavelengths. The characteristic wavelengths were fused for PLS modeling. The results showed that the prediction performance（RPD=5.924 3）of the NIR characteristic wavelength model was better than that of the full spectrum, while the prediction model performance（RPD=4.322 2）of the UV-Vis characteristic wavelength model was slightly lower than that of the full spectrum. Through the fusion of NIR-UV-Vis characteristic wavelengths, the RPD value of the prediction model reached 6.511 2, which greatly improved the accuracy and reliability of ammonia nitrogen detection in biogas slurry.

2026 Vol.33(5): 80–83    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 4594 KB ] ( 0 )

Photothermal materials are widely used in fields such as biomedicine, environmental governance, and solar energy utilization, so developing new types of photothermal materials is of great significance. A large number of dyes and pigments are regarded as potential photothermal materials due to their special structures, but there is a lack of systematic research. In this study, the photothermal effects of seven common dyes were investigated, and the dyes with good photothermal effects under the irradiation of four wavelengths of laser were screened. At the same time, taking the screened out methyl orange, which has a relatively excellent photothermal effect under the irradiation of a 980 nm wavelength laser, as an example, the effects of the test distance and solution concentration on the photothermal effect were studied.

2026 Vol.33(5): 84–91    [Abstract] ( 9 )    [PDF 7653 KB ] ( 0 )

：Heavy metal pollution in granular feed is a major, threat for the safety of animal-derived food and the balance of the ecological environment. This paper aims to solve the key problems in the near-infrared spectroscopy inversion analysis of the contents of heavy metals（copper and zinc）in granular feed, especially to improve the learning ability of deep learning models for the long-range correlations in spectral data. A parallel input-based dilated convolutional neural network（PIN-DCNN）model was proposed. This model processed data of different bands through a parallel input structure and introduces dilated convolutions to expand the receptive field, so as to enhance the ability to capture long-range features. The Savitzky-Golay first derivative smoothing method and Pareto Scaling were used to preprocess the spectral data to ensure the data quality. The preprocessed near-infrared spectroscopy dataset was used to train and test the model. The PIN-DCNN model was employed for the inversion prediction of the contents of copper and zinc. With the results that the Determination Coefficients（R2）reached 0.94 and 0.94 respectively, and the Root Mean Square Errors（RMSE）were 280 mg/kg and 410 mg/kg respectively. Compared with PLSR, SVR, BPNN, and 1D-CNN, PIN-DCNN shows significant advantages in all evaluation indexes. Through the strategies of parallel input and dilated convolution, the model in this paper effectively improves the feature extraction ability of spectral data, especially the learning ability for long-range correlations. The model performs remarkably well in the near-infrared spectroscopy inversion analysis of the heavy metal contents in granular feed, so it provides new ideas for the effective extraction of spectral features and the prediction and inversion of heavy metal elements.

2026 Vol.33(5): 92–97    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 860 KB ] ( 0 )

The Biochemistry course has the characteristics of abstract theoretical system and strong practicality. The traditional teaching mode has structural problems of “emphasizing theory over practice, emphasizing knowledge over literacy, emphasizing lectures over interaction”, which leads to the failure of the course teaching effect to meet the requirements of the collaborative cultivation of “knowledge-ability-value” in higher education in the new era. This study focuses on the biochemistry courses in pharmaceutical engineering and pharmacy majors, integrating background significance, literature review, and research objectives. Through a systematic review of relevant teaching reform research at home and abroad, it accurately analyzes existing research shortcomings and constructs a deep integration teaching analysis framework of “learning method-curriculum system-classroom form”. From the perspective of correlation and integration, it deeply interprets the interactive coupling relationship between three-dimensional and subordinate secondary dimensions, proposes practical implementation paths based on the overall course design, and finally proposes promotion strategies from the perspective of government management, providing replicable and promotable implementation paths for the teaching reform of basic courses in pharmaceutical and related science and engineering majors.

2026 Vol.33(5): 98–102    [Abstract] ( 9 )    [PDF 863 KB ] ( 0 )

Focusing on Genetics, the core foundational course for the biotechnology major at Suzhou University (Anhui), this study is situated within the reform framework of the “101 Plan”. Leveraging extensive teaching reform practices and industry-university-research collaboration experience, it systematically analyzes the deep-rooted issues in foundational discipline teaching at local application-oriented universities. This study proposes a “five-in-one” teaching reform pathway: “objective guidance-content reconstruction-methodological innovation-ideological-political integration-evaluation optimization”. By integrating interdisciplinary knowledge systems, innovating instructional implementation models, deepening university-enterprise collaborative education, and refining diversified assessment mechanisms, this study constructs a novel curriculum framework featured by “solid foundation, strong practical skills, and emphasis on innovation”. The effectiveness of this reform has been empirically validated through practical outcomes, including the breeding of new varieties such as ‘Jindou 100’ and ‘Yongmai 3’, as well as students’ awards in innovation and entrepreneurship competitions. The findings provide a replicable and scalable practical reference for the curriculum reform of basic disciplines in similar local universities, so as to facilitate the integrated advancement of education, science-technology and talent development.