2024 Vol.31(2): 1–5    [Abstract] ( 44 )    [PDF 2750 KB ] ( 11 )

Using the organic fertilizer made from spent mushroom substrates produced after the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus with corn straw as the base fertilizer, the indoor pot experiment was carried out. The results showed that the application of spent mushroom substrates fertilizer had a certain promoting effect on the growth and development of maize seedlings stage. Compared with the control group, the plant height of maize seedlings cultivated with 12 g spent mushroom substrates fertilizer per kilogram of soil was increased by 18%, the aboveground fresh weight was increased by 23.27%, the aboveground dry weight increased by 23.89%, and the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate also increased significantly. The further test results showed that the application of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates fertilizer increased the content of soil organic matter, soil conductivity, soil cation exchange capacity, soil available nutrients and soil total nutrients, and could decrease the pH value of soil.

2024 Vol.31(2): 6–11    [Abstract] ( 33 )    [PDF 800 KB ] ( 7 )

In this paper, a pot experiment was conducted to plant winter wheat on four phosphorus levels of aquic soil combined with rape green fertilizer, organic fertilizer and corn straw. The contents of inorganic phosphorus components in soil before planting and after harvest of winter wheat were determined by Gu Yichu-Jiang and Baifan method, and the effects of organic materials on the transformation of inorganic phosphorus components in aquic soil were studied. The results showed that the content of inorganic phosphorus increased significantly with the increase of phosphorus application rate, the content of inorganic phosphorus in organic materials increased at different phosphorus levels except for the decrease of Fe-P, the content of other inorganic phosphorus components increased, and the increase of organic materials reduced the proportion of soil Ca10-P. Soil available P was positively correlated with Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Al-P(P<0.01). Path analysis showed that the direct contribution order of all forms of inorganic phosphorus to available phosphorus was Ca2-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>O-P>Ca10-P>Fe-P, indicating that codomain Ca2-P was the main available phosphorus source. Compared with P fertilizer alone, P fertilizer combined with organic materials significantly increased the yield and above-ground P content of winter wheat.

2024 Vol.31(2): 12–17    [Abstract] ( 34 )    [PDF 5377 KB ] ( 5 )

In order to study the factors that affect the rapid growth of Dendrobium nobile tissue culture seedlings, this experiment took Dendrobium nobile tissue culture seedlings as the experimental material, and set up an orthogonal test at the three levels of auxin NAA, hydrolyzed milk protein, organic components of MS medium, and activated carbon to observe the growth performance of Dendrobium nobile tissue culture seedlings, so as to determine the best medium combination. The results showed that the combination of 0.10 g/L activated carbon+0.50 mg/L NAA+0.05 g/L hydrolyzed milk protein+1 fold organic component had the best effect on the growth of tissue culture seedlings; and NAA can significantly increase the growth height and coarseness of tissue culture seedlings. This study lays a foundation for the study of tissue culture and rapid propagation of Dendrobium nobile.

2024 Vol.31(2): 18–24    [Abstract] ( 42 )    [PDF 8131 KB ] ( 4 )

In order to explore the effects of colchicine treatment on the seed germination and seedling growth of broccoli, this experiment took broccoli seeds as materials, soaked with different concentrations of colchicine（0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30%）for different time（12, 24 h）, and compared with the seed soaking treatment in distilled water（CK）. The effects of colchicine treatment on the seed germination, seedling morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of broccoli were studied. The results showed that compared with CK, there was no significant difference in germination rate and germination potential among the treatment groups after soaking for 12 h, and the vitality index of 0.20% and 0.30% colchicine trearment groups increased significantly. After soaking for 24 h, all germination indexes decreased in all treatment groups. 0.10%-0.30% colchicine treatment increased the fresh weight and stem thickness of broccoli seedlings, decreased plant height, leaf length and width, increased the antioxidant enzyme（SOD, CAT）activities, osmoregulatory substances and glucosinolates content, while decreased the malondialdehyde content. According to the analysis of membership functions of the measurement indicators of broccoli, the average membership function values of 0.30% colchicine soaking for 12 and 24 h ranked first. In a comprehensive analysis, 0.30% colchicine soaking for 12 h was considered as the best treatment combination to promote seed germination and seedling growth of broccoli.

2024 Vol.31(2): 25–30    [Abstract] ( 36 )    [PDF 1042 KB ] ( 9 )

In order to study the water management mode of rice quality, with rice variety ‘Jinyuan 85’ as the experimental material, four different control irrigation modes were arranged , namely 60%（W1）, 70%（W2）, 80%（W3）and 90%（W4）of soil saturation water content as the irrigation limit, and the effects of different control irrigation modes on the main agronomic traits and japonica rice quality of rice were analyzed with conventional irrigation（CK）as the control. The results showed that compared with the control, different control irrigation modes had inhibitory effects on rice plant height, stem and leaf dry weight, but could promote the increase of moisture content in rice ears. The quality of rice under different controlled irrigation modes was better than that of conventional irrigation. The amylose content W2 was the highest, which was 0.27% higher than that of CK. Different control irrigation modes reduced irrigation water consumption by 3 990-5 415 m³/hm² compared with conventional irrigation. Through the comprehensive evaluation of various rice quality indicators and the sum of irrigation and rainfall, it is found that controlling soil saturation moisture content of 90% as the limit of irrigation water is the best rice water management mode.

2024 Vol.31(2): 31–37    [Abstract] ( 26 )    [PDF 11826 KB ] ( 2 )

In order to further improve the microencapsulation effect of river crab enzymolysis liquid（RCEL）microcapsule emulsion, based on the previous research results of complex coacervation method, ultrasonic-assisted technology was used to prepare RCEL microcapsule emulsion. The wall materials of complex coacervation method were gelatin-sodium alginate and gelatin-CMC-Na, respectively. Ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature were selected as the investigation factors, aroma sensory score was used as the evaluation index, and L9（34）was adopted. The results showed that the optimum ultrasonic conditions when the wall material was gelatin-sodium alginate were as follows: ultrasonic power 50%（×700W）, ultrasonic time 20 min and ultrasonic temperature 30 ℃; when the wall was gelatin-CMC-Na, the best experimental conditions of microcapsules were: power 40%（×700W）, time 30min, temperature 30 ℃. Under those two conditions, RCEL microcapsules were round and regular in shape, and the number of microcapsules was large. However, on the sensory evaluation of aroma, the crab flavor after reheating with gelatin-sodium alginate as the wall material was strong, while the crab flavor after reheating with gelatin-CMC-Na as the wall material was weak. To sum up, when RCEL microcapsule emulsion was prepared by complex coacervation method, with gelatin-sodium alginate as the wall material, emulsification followed by ultrasonic treatment, the encapsulation effect was the best, and the crab flavor was the strongest after reheating.

2024 Vol.31(2): 38–44    [Abstract] ( 25 )    [PDF 6156 KB ] ( 1 )

In order to study the optimal extraction process and preliminary structure of the polysaccharide from the Xiuzhen mushroom, the fresh mushroom fruiting body was used as the raw material, the polysaccharide content and iron reducing power were used as the indicators on the basis of the single factor experiment, and the extraction of the polysaccharide was optimized by response surface methodology. The structure was preliminarily analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope, and the thermal stability was analyzed. The results showed that the optimal water extraction process conditions for the polysaccharides of Xiuzhen mushroom were as follows: the extraction time was 3.2 h, the extraction times were twice, the extraction temperature was 90 ℃, and the ratio of liquid to material was 20 mL/g. The predicted value was 53.02 mg/g, the measured value was 53.98 mg/g, and the iron reducing power was 0.634. The measured results were in good agreement with the predicted values. The structure showed that the polysaccharide of Xiuzhen mushroom is a polysaccharide of pyranose configuration, with loose three-dimensional structure, smooth surface and hard texture. In this study, the extraction process of Xiuzhen mushroom polysaccharide was optimized, and the preliminary analysis confirmed that it was a polysaccharide substance, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent development and research of Xiuzhen mushroom polysaccharide functional substances.

2024 Vol.31(2): 45–50    [Abstract] ( 26 )    [PDF 2169 KB ] ( 1 )

The stability of particulates in suspension beverages remains a significant technical challenge in the beverage industry. This study focuses on exploring the suspension stability of sanxan, offering new strategies for developing suspension agents. The results showed that a sanxan solution with a mass fraction of 0.35% exhibits excellent suspension capabilities after thermal cooling. The incorporation of ions and adjustments to pH can further enhance sanxan's suspension properties, allowing the reduction of sanxan content to just 0.1%. The efficacy of ions in enhancing suspension ability is ranked as follows, calcium lactate>citric acid>calcium chloride>compound phosphate. Notably, the addition of 0.02% calcium lactate increases the suspension efficiency of the sanxan solution by 51.85%. At a pH of 4, the suspension performance of sanxan improves by 120.13%. Additionally, sanxan gel shows remarkable recoverability, with suspension functionality restored within 48 hours after severe shaking in a sanxan suspension system containing CaCl2. Overall, sanxan demonstrates robust suspension capability post thermal cooling and can be further optimized by adding ions and adjusting the pH. Its effective performance at low mass fractions makes it particularly suitable for acidic suspension beverages.

2024 Vol.31(2): 51–55    [Abstract] ( 23 )    [PDF 1796 KB ] ( 2 )

Seawater factory farming is a modern high-tech fishery with the advantage of water and energy saving. However, the diseases of the cultured fish happened frequently for the high density and intensive farming model and has caused great economic loss to the culture enterprises. Vaccination is an effective way to control the disease of cultured fish. Compared with injection and soaking, oral vaccine has the advantages of convenient inoculation, no injury to the body and good compliance of the receptor, which has become a hot spot of research. Sodium alginate is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide from the ocean. It is nontoxic, biocompatible and degradable. The degradation products can be fully absorbed by the organism. The use of sodium alginate as the carrier material to prepare the microsphere vaccine can increase the viscosity and prolong the release time of the drug. Sodium alginate is feasible to prepare the oral vaccine for fishing as a carrier for its low price, uncomplicated technology and convenient source. The study developed a new method to generate fish oral vaccine of Edwardsiella tarda by emulsfication with sodium alginate as the carrier. The results showed that the optimum preparation process of oral vaccine was 3%（m/v）sodium alginate solution, 4%（m/v）calcium chloride solution, 1∶2 ratios of water and oil, 1% Span80 emulgator, 1 200 r/min stirring rate. The embedding rate was 91.04%. The mean grain size of the microballon was（16.51±11.87）µm. It is necessary to prepare the microsphere vaccine suitable for the intestinal targeted drug delivery, and the artificial simulated gastric and intestinal juice were used to analyze the tolerance of vaccine microspheres when treated by them in vitro. The results showed that the releasing rate of the microballon were 0.8% and 98.1% after dealing with simulated gastric and intestinal juice for 16 hours, respectively. Escherichia coli expressing green fluorescent protein emulsficated with sodium alginate was orally administrated to Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther to detect the tolerance of vaccine microspheres in gastric and intestinal juice in vivo. It showed that the microspheres do not dilate or disintegrate in the acid stomach, or disintegrate in the neutral environment of the intestine. The above results indicated that the vaccine can endure the acid environment of the stomach, reach the hindgut of the fish and be absorbed by the villus, which is suitable for drug targeting. The results of the immunprotection experiment showed that the highest serum titer was 1∶322 after oral vaccinatione for 14 days, the highest leukocyte phagocytosis rate was 27.06% after oral vaccination for 14 days, and the highest phagocytosis index was 1.65 after oral vaccination for 14 days. All fishes were challenged with Edwardsiella tarda after oral vaccination for 28 days, the mortality rate of control group and vaccine group were 58.82% and 13.33% respectively, and the immune protective rate was 77.33%. The present study proposed a new fish oral vaccine preparation technology. The oral vaccine could activate the fish immune response and prevent fish disease.

2024 Vol.31(2): 56–62    [Abstract] ( 18 )    [PDF 790 KB ] ( 2 )

It has not been reported whether the nutritional value of cultured or wild Cynoglossus semilaevis is higher or lower. The national standard method was used to determine the contents of amino acids, fatty acids and minerals in muscle of cultured and wild C. semilaculatus in this study. The results showed that the total amino acid content of cultured C. semilaevis was obviously higher than that in wild fish. According to amino acid score（AAS）and chemical score（CS）, the first limiting amino acid of cultured and wild C. semilaevis is tryptophan（Trp）. The essential amino acid indexes（EAAI）of cultured and wild C. semilaevis were 72.45 and 62.7, respectively. The total amount of fatty acids in muscle of cultured C. semilaevis was higher than that of wild fish. The total amount of eicosapentaenoic acid（EPA）+ docosahexaenoic acid（DHA）was 7.6 times that of wild fish, in which EPA was 5.5 times and DHA was 9 times of wild fish. The muscle of C. semilaevis is rich in minerals. The selenium content of cultured fish was 4 times that of wild fish. The phosphorus content was 20% higher than that of wild fish, while the calcium content was 23% lower than that of wild fish. In conclusion, the overall nutrient composition and value of muscle in cultured C. semilaevis were higher than those of wild fish.

2024 Vol.31(2): 63–70    [Abstract] ( 20 )    [PDF 3034 KB ] ( 1 )

The growth characteristics of fish not only reflect their growth and survival, but also to some extent the quality of their living environment and life history. In this study, three released fish species（Hemibarbus labeo, Leuciscus waleckii and Phoxinus lagowskii）were captured in the lower Yalu River from November 2020 to October 2021. Their biological parameters and growth characteristics were analyzed, and mortality coefficients, exploitation rates were estimated by FiSAT II software. The results showed that the dominant age compositions of Hemibarbus labeo, Leuciscus waleckii and Phoxinus lagowskii were 1 a, 1 a-2 a, 1 a, respectively. The b were all similar to 3（P>0.05）, which is a uniform growth type; the growth coefficient K was greater than 0.2, which is a fast-growing type. The growth performance indexφ′ was between 4.46-5.00, the inflection point ages of Hemibarbus labeo, Leuciscus waleckii and Phoxinus lagowskii were 2.33 a, 1.95 a and 1.05 a, respectively, and the corresponding body lengths at inflection point were 318.52 mm, 255.67 mm and 115.52 mm, respectively. The exploitation rate E was greater than Emax, indicating that they were overexploited, so their fishing should be restricted. The optimal body lengths for the fishing of Hemibarbus labeo, Leuciscus waleckii and Phoxinus lagowskii should be 319 mm, 256 mm and 116 mm. The investigated waters should maintain the resources with measures of increasing and releasing fish, adjusting the number of fish that have been increased and released, and appropriately increasing the resources of Hemibarbus labeo, Leuciscus waleckii and Phoxinus lagowskii so as to promote resource utilization and sustainable development.

2024 Vol.31(2): 71–77    [Abstract] ( 26 )    [PDF 3760 KB ] ( 2 )

As a new type of high-density aquaculture method, recirculating aquaculture system has the advantages of controllable aquaculture water environment, stable system operation, safe and reliable technology, and high water saving and land saving. In this paper, the operation effect of recirculating aquaculture system was analyzed by taking the cultivation of Cynoglossus semilaevis in an enterprise in Binhai New Area of Tianjin as an example. The results showed that the culture density of Cynoglossus semilaevis was（20-25）kg/m2, and the initial average mass was 5 g. After 407 days of culture in recirculating aquaculture system, the final average mass was 1 079 g, and the survival rate was 29.1%. The average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, vibrio and bacteria were 64%, 58% and 99%, respectively. The pH and salinity were 7.0-8.5 and 18-35, respectively. The results of economic analysis show that the system is feasible and economical, and it is suitable to be popularized in coastal areas.

2024 Vol.31(2): 78–86    [Abstract] ( 22 )    [PDF 3116 KB ] ( 2 )

In response to the low efficiency of manual picking in strawberry planting bases, this paper designs a differential motion walking control system for strawberry picking robots. With focuses on the design requirements of strawberry picking robots, this studyhas conducted an in-depth research and analysis on the kinematics of the mobile chassis. Subsequently, the hardware and software parts of the walking control system for the strawberry picking robot was designed. In terms of hardware, we have selected a main controller with a 32-bit ARM microcontroller as the core, while integrating key components such as power circuit, ultrasonic distance measurement unit and motor drive module. In terms of software, we adopted the CANOPEN protocol, ported it to the microcontroller, and debugged it on the basis of the UCOSII real-time operating system. In addition, we have designed a PID control strategy to provide support for precise control of robots. This comprehensive solution greatly improved the efficiency of strawberry picking and provided strong support for the development of agricultural robotics. With the control system of the strawberry picking robot proposed in this article, more widespread robot application is expected to achieve in the process of agricultural modernization, so as to further promote the development and upgrading of the agricultural industry.

2024 Vol.31(2): 87–93    [Abstract] ( 27 )    [PDF 3271 KB ] ( 8 )

The accurate segmentation of wheat leaf disease and pest areas plays an important role in realizing the automation and intelligence of disease detection, and has important theoretical value and practical significance for improving the economic benefits of crops. In order to solve the problems of large workload and poor classification effect in the existing research, this study combines the active learning strategy of manual intervention labeling, and proposes a semi-supervised active learning method for wheat leaf disease and pest region segmentation. By extracting boundary features, color space features and texture features, the feature vector is composed, and the transductive support vector machine is used as the classifier. In each round of training, the k-means algorithm is used to randomly generate the samples to be labeled, and the human-computer interaction system is used to intervene the sample labels to improve the classification efficiency. This paper constructs a LM neural network model for classifying pests and diseases based on a new disease region segmentation method. In the image segmentation experiment, the proposed model is compared with the classical small sample SVM model and the semi-supervised TSVM model. The segmentation effect ranks first, which proves the superiority of the proposed segmentation strategy. In the experiment of pest identification, the model verification results showed that the recognition accuracy of LM neural network classification model using semi-supervised active learning method was 93.75%, which has good classification effect and can provide effective basis for subsequent pest control.

2024 Vol.31(2): 94–98    [Abstract] ( 22 )    [PDF 773 KB ] ( 3 )

Ecological civilization education is essential for ideological and political education in undergraduate curriculum, and makes the basis for the realization of ideological and political goals of courses in ecology and related disciplines. By defining the integration of ideological and political education into ecology curriculum and its scope, which based on modern system of ecology and related disciplines with personnel training practice, and by analyzing the main problems and causes existing in the current ideological and political practice in ecology curriculum, we put forward the practical path of ideological and political construction in ecology curriculum in the new era. By strengthening the education and training of teachers ideological and political ability in curriculum, emphasizing the construction of ideological and political resources in curriculum, extracting and applying ideological and political elements, designing teaching and assessment model, enriching practical teaching content, and evaluating the quality of ideological and political education scientifically, we could further realize the goal of ecological civilization education.

2024 Vol.31(2): 99–102    [Abstract] ( 29 )    [PDF 775 KB ] ( 3 )

Ex-servicemen serving rural revitalization is conducive to enhancing the internal driving force of rural industrial revitalization, improving the capacity and level of rural governance, and further strengthening the national defense mobilization capacity and emergency service capacity of rural area. At present, there are still some problems in ex-servicemen serving rural revitalization such as some ex-servicemen being lack of full understanding of the rural revitalization strategy, employment attitudes necessary to be changed, less professional skills training, and employment and entrepreneurship services for ex- servicemen necessary to be further improved. These countermeasures should be implemented to help ex-servicemen better serve rural revitalization including perfecting the career development path of ex-servicemen, opening up channels for ex-servicemen to serve rural governance, optimizing the employment and entrepreneurship service system for ex-servicemen, reinforcing training and education to empower ex-servicemen, and strengthening publicity and guidance.