2026 Vol.33(2): 1–5    [Abstract] ( 20 )    [PDF 1728 KB ] ( 12 )

In order to determine the suitable sowing date and density of new sweet sorghum combinations, seven new sweet sorghum combinations（44A/GW3968, 44A/GW3998, 29A/GW3968, 7A/Lio, 34A/Lio, 44A/Lio, 34A/GW3968）were used as experimental materials by contrast with ‘Tianza2’, and three sowing dates were set by split plot experiment. The results showed that the agronomic characters and yield of sweet sorghum were significantly affected by sowing date, and the agronomic characters and yield of sweet sorghum decreased significantly with sowing date delayed, but the biological yield of new combinations was lower than that of ‘Tianza2’ in the first sowing date, and the optimum sowing date of different new combinations was April 30. With the increase of planting density, the plant height and stem diameter of sweet sorghum decreased significantly, but there was no significant difference in ear length, ear weight and yield among the treatments. However, the optimum density of different new combinations to achieve the maximum biological yield was different, and the optimum density of 44A/GW3968 and 34A/Lio was 90 000 plants/hm2. The suitable density of 44A/GW3998, 29A/GW3968, 34A/GW3968, 44A/Lio and ‘Tianza2’ is 75 000 plants/hm2; The suitable density of 7A/Lio is 82 500 plants/hm2. This study clarifies the suitable sowing dates and planting density configurations for various new sweet sorghum combinations in North China, providing a reference for variety promotion and cultivation optimization.

2026 Vol.33(2): 6–10    [Abstract] ( 13 )    [PDF 419 KB ] ( 5 )

‘Jimai No.22’ was used as a test variety to study the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat agronomic traits, grain and straw yield and crude protein yield at jointing and heading stages. The results showed that topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage had greater effect on plant height and 1 000-grain weight of wheat, but had less effect on panicle length and grain number per panicle. Nitrogen application at heading stage had greater effect on plant height of wheat than other agronomic traits. Comparing the effects of fertilization in two periods, the effect of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage was better than that in heading stage. When topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage, the yield of wheat grain and straw increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. When pure nitrogen 233.5 kg/hm2 was applied at jointing stage, the yield of grain and straw was the highest, which increased by 25.79% and 35.27% respectively. At this time, the yield of crude protein of straw was also the highest. It is concluded that topdressing pure nitrogen 233.5 kg/hm2 at jointing stage is the best fertilization measure for wheat to obtain high yield of grain and straw as well as high quality of straw for feeding.

2026 Vol.33(2): 11–16    [Abstract] ( 14 )    [PDF 2038 KB ] ( 6 )

In order to achieve high-density cultivation, mycelial biomass as the primary indicator, combined with density, diameter, uniformity of mycelial pellets, and re-cultured germination time on plates as secondary indicators, the medium and fermentation conditions of Pleurotus eryngii for shake-flask liquid spawn were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were:α-amylase pretreated corn flour 22 g, wheat bran 11 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 g, and magnesium sulfate 1.1 g/L, pH 5.0, rotational speed 180 r/min, liquid volume 100 mL/250 mL conical flask, inoculation age 5.5 days, and inoculation volume 8%. After 6 days of cultivation, the biomass of Pleurotus eryngii liquid spawn reached 37.235 g/L, which improved by 23.56 times compared with the initial conditions, germination time shortened to 3.7 hours, mycelial pellet density of 324 pellets/mL, and mycelial pellet diameter of 1.45 mm/pellet.

2026 Vol.33(2): 17–22    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 1899 KB ] ( 5 )

Using potato cultivar ‘Favorita’ as the material, the effects of media type, exogenous hormone, carbon source, activated carbon and water quality on tissue culture and rapid propagation of virus-free potato seedlings were studied. The results showed that the growth of virus-free potato seedlings on MS medium was superior to that on B5 and N6 media. However, the number of leaves per plant and number of new shoots on B5 medium were significantly higher than those on MS. The addition 1-2 g/L activated carbon was beneficial to the growth and proliferation of virus-free potato seedlings, with the average number of leaves and new shoots being 45.7% and 47.7% higher than those of the control group without activated carbon respectively. The addition of 0.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA could effectively promote the growth of virus-free potato seedlings. Replacing sucrose in MS medium with 20-25 g/L white sugar as the carbon source, and using tap water in the preparation of medium, not only improved the quality and propagation efficiency of virus-free seedlings, but also effectively reduced the production costs.

2026 Vol.33(2): 23–27    [Abstract] ( 13 )    [PDF 629 KB ] ( 6 )

In order to explore the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of active substances in quinoa seedlings, ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction method was used to extract polyphenols from quinoa seedlings, and the DPPH free radical scavenging rate, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities inhibition rate were determined, and the hypolipidemic activity was evaluated by in vitro simulated cholate binding experiment. The results showed that quinoa seedling extracts contained 2.58 mg/g polyphenols, and the DPPH free radical scavenging rate ranged from 35.44% to 65.19% in the determination range. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations（IC50）of quinoa seedling extract on DPPH free radicals, α-amylase activity, and α-glucosidase activity were 0.555 mg/mL, 9.599 μg/mL and 13.272 μg/mL, respectively, and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing concentration. The binding rate of quinoa seedling extracts to sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate increased with the increase of concentration, and the maximum binding rates were 94.22% and 75.54%, respectively. The concentration of quinoa seedling polyphenols had a very significant positive correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging rate, α-amylase inhibition rate, α-glucosidase inhibition rate, sodium glycocholate binding rate and sodium taurocholate binding rate, indicating that quinoa seedling polyphenols have strong hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in vitro.

2026 Vol.33(2): 28–33    [Abstract] ( 16 )    [PDF 1274 KB ] ( 6 )

Using walnut shells as raw materials, the modified walnut shell biochar was prepared by high temperature pyrolysis （500 ℃, 2 h）and NaOH modification treatment. The concentration of Rhodamine B was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The effects of adsorption time, the dosage of modified walnut shell biochar and the initial mass concentration of Rhodamine B on the adsorption performance were analyzed. The adsorption mechanism of modified walnut shell biochar on Rhodamine B was investigated. The results showed that when the dosage of modified walnut shell biochar was 0.02 g, the volume of Rhodamine B solution was 20 mL, the initial mass concentration of Rhodamine B solution was 2.0 mg/L, and the adsorption time was 130 min,the removal rate of Rhodamine B was 94.65%, and the corresponding adsorption capacity was 1.893 1 mg/g. The adsorption process of Rhodamine B solution by NaOH-modified walnut shell biohar accorded with the quasi-second-order kinetic equation, and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model can describe the adsorption process accurately, indicating that the adsorption process was a single-layer adsorption with uniform surface and controlled by chemical adsorption.

2026 Vol.33(2): 34–38    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 1421 KB ] ( 9 )

As a perishable agricultural product with high moisture content,onion leads to serious losses due to germination and mould during storage. In order to complement the research on onion drying technology, cave drying technology, tunel drying technology was adopted to systematically investigate the effects of temperature（60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃）and air velocity（2 000, 2 500, 2 850 r/min）on the drying characteristics of onion. The drying curves and rate curves were plotted by real-time monitoring of the material quality changes, and the drying kinetic model was screened by combining the nonlinear fitting method. The results showed that the temperature regulation of drying rate was significantly higher than the wind speed, and the drying time was shortened from 180 min to 100 min when the temperature was increased from 60 ℃ to 80 ℃, with a decrease of 44.4%; the whole drying process was dominated by the decreasing-rate phase, and there was no obvious constant-rate period. The fitting results based on the Page model showed that the power index n decreased nonlinearly with increasing temperature（1.096 8~0.964 3）, the drying rate constant k increased exponentially（0.008 47~0.033 01 min-1）, and the model coefficient of determination R²=1, which was a high degree of agreement between the predicted values in the validation tests and the measured values, confirming its strong explanatory power for the porous onion bulb structure. The study revealed the three-stage characteristics of onion drying: rapid evaporation of surface free water, diffusion dominance of bound water and cuticle blocking effect. This study provides theoretical basis and reliable mathematical model support for the optimisation of drying process of onion deep processing.

2026 Vol.33(2): 39–43    [Abstract] ( 13 )    [PDF 1259 KB ] ( 5 )

To study the effect of steaming on the quality of Polygonatum,sensory evaluation,content determination of active substances and extracts of two kinds of Polygonatum from various sources were conducted,and the best method of Polygonatum steaming was determined by TOPSIS method. The results showed that: With the increase of steaming times,the contents of flavonoids and saponins of Polygonatum from Banbishan Town,Xinglong County,reached the highest value of（1.17± 0.02）% and（0.94± 0.03）% respectively at fivefold steaming and five sun drying, and the highest values of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（5-HMF）at sixfold steaming and drying were（0.058± 0.002）%. The highest extract content was（2.122± 0.06）% at one steaming and drying,and the highest sensory evaluation was 78 points at fivefold steaming and five drying. Combined with the comprehensive evaluation results of entropy TOPSIS method and sensory evaluation results,the best quality was determined and the Polygonatum from Banbishan Town,Xinglong County,steamed five times and sunned five times was the best. The results of this study can provide some reference for the development of Polygonatum in food processing.

2026 Vol.33(2): 44–56    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 3516 KB ] ( 8 )

The aim of this study was to optimize the fermentation process parameters of yellow fruit pear wine to enhance its flavour quality. By comparing and analyzing the physicochemical characteristics, total phenol and total flavonoid contents of yellow pear wine fermented by different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile flavouring substances by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-SPME-GC-MS）, Y-DVSJ was selected as the optimal fermentation strain. On this basis, the effects of different initial sugar level, initial pH, yeast addition and fermentation temperature on the physicochemical indexes of yellow fruit pear wine were studied, and the process parameters were optimized by single factor test and response surface analysis to establish a comprehensive scoring index to determine the optimal brewing process. The results showed that 50 and 78 volatile aroma substances were detected in yellow fruit pear juice and yellow fruit pear wine respectively, and the volatile aroma substances in yellow fruit pear wine were mainly esters, and 26, 25, and 25 alcohols were detected in Y-DVSJ yellow fruit pear wine, F15 yellow fruit pear wine, and X16 yellow fruit pear wine respectively, but the content of higher alcohols in Y-DVSJ yellow fruit pear wine was lower. The optimal process conditions for the main fermentation of yellow fruit pear wine were: initial sugar 210 g/L, initial pH 3.50, yeast addition 0.3 g/L, fermentation temperature 20 ℃, and the alcohol content obtained under these conditions was 12.40% vol. The present study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the quality improvement and standardiszd production of yellow fruit pear wine.

2026 Vol.33(2): 57–62    [Abstract] ( 12 )    [PDF 4313 KB ] ( 3 )

Bone marrow Mesenchymal stem cells（BMSCs）are a group of adult stem cells that exist in bone marrow tissue and have the potential to differentiate in multiple directions. In recent 20 years, a lot of scientific researches have proved the potential of BMSCs in the treatment of diseases. However, the effects of BMSCs donor sources on cell biological properties and transplantation efficacy remain to be investigated. In order to explore the effects of ages on the proliferation and differentiation, BMSCs from newborn and young dogs were isolated and cultured by the same method, and the BMSCs from two sources were compared. The results showed that both BMSCs could form dense cell colonies after 6 days of isolation and culture, but the growth morphology of the cells was different. BMSCs of newborn puppies（BMSCs-n）was longer and more fibrous, while BMSCs of young dogs（BMSCs-Y）was spindle-shaped. The population doubling time of BMSCs-N group（31.99±0.26）h was significantly shorter than that of BMSCs-Y group（34.66±1.15） h. The results of cell scratch test showed that the healing rate of BMSCs-N group was significantly higher than that of BMSCs-Y group（（45.51±1.58）% vs.（37.62±2.45）%, P<0.05）at 9 h after injury, and that of BMSCs-N group was（72.13±0.97）% at 24 h after injury, BMSCs-Y group was（50.28±3.53）%. Compared with BMSCs-Y group, the differentiation rate of adipocytes in BMSCs-N group was higher（（34.25±0.22）% vs. （25.23±1.82）%, P<0.01）, and that of osteoblasts in BMSCs-N group was higher than that of BMSCs-Y group（（31.34±3.88）% vs. （15.54±0.65）%, P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of pluripotency genes in BMSCs-N group were significantly higher than those in BMSCs-Y group（P<0.05）. It was found that BMSCs-N were more proliferative and differentiated in vitro than BMSCs-Y. The results of this study may provide a reference for the cell therapy by BMSCs.

2026 Vol.33(2): 63–68    [Abstract] ( 7 )    [PDF 1561 KB ] ( 11 )

In order to determine the cause of the disease of Lateolabrax maculatus, the dominant strains were isolated from the liver, spleen and kidney tissues. The species were identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The pathogenicity was analyzed by artificial regression infection test, and the resistance to antibiotics was analyzed by drug sensitivity test. The results showed that a dominant strain was isolated from the liver of diseased fish and identified as Citrobacter freundii, named XY-1. The artificial regression infection test confirmed that strain XY-1 was the pathogen causing the disease of Lateolabrax maculatus, and the median lethal dose LD50 of Lateolabrax maculatus was 1.89×106 CFU/mL. The results of drug sensitivity test showed that strain XY-1 was highly sensitive to 9 drugs such as cefazolin, gentamicin and florfenicol, moderately sensitive to 3 drugs such as neomycin, rifampicin and norfloxacin, and resistant to 12 drugs such as amoxicillin, ampicillin and cefradine. The results of this study can provide a reference for the diagnosis and prevention of bacterial diseases caused by Citrobacter freundii in Lateolabrax maculatus.

2026 Vol.33(2): 69–74    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 1180 KB ] ( 4 )

In this experiment, the effects of salinity on the growth and PSII photochemical indexes of Thalassiosira weissflogii was investigated by using chlorophyll fluorescence technique in conjunction with the changes in photosynthetic pigment content and growth rate of the algae. The parameters of specific biomass, light absorption value and chlorophyll content of T. weissflogii were determined under different salinity conditions（15, 25, 30, 35 and 45）. The results showed that the suitable salinity for cell density growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii was 15, and the algal cells grew well at salinities ranging from 15 to 35. The photosynthetic system II of the algal cells functioned normally under the salinity conditions of 25 to 30, while it suffered different degrees of damage under the salinity conditions of 45. Salinity had a significant effect（P<0.05）on the growth and biochemical components of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The high salinity（45）formed a stress on the cells of Thalassiosira weissflogii, and inhibited its growth to a certain extent.

2026 Vol.33(2): 75–80    [Abstract] ( 6 )    [PDF 878 KB ] ( 1 )

This study was conducted to determine the effects of push-water aquaculture mode on the flesh nutritional quality of Scortum barcoo. Six fish with average body weight about 500g under the traditional ponds aquaculture and six under push-water aquaculture modes were selected to determine the muscle routine nutritional components, amino acids and fatty acids composition, respectively. The results showed that the crude protein, moisture and ash contents of fish muscle within push-water aquaculture mode increased significantly (P<0.05), but crude fat content decreased significantly (P<0.05). The glycine (Gly) was significantly decreased within push-water culture mode when compared to that in traditional ponds aquaculture mode, but there is no significant difference in the composition of the remaining amino acids (P>0.05). The ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acid (EAA/TAA) was 39%-40%, which is in line with the recommended ratio of FAO/WHO ideal model (EAA/TAA: 40%). The amino acid index (AAS), chemical score (CS) of threonine (Thr), tyrosine (Val), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine+tyrosine (Phe+Tyr) and lysine (Lys), as well as essential amino acid index (EAAI) within push-water aquaculture group were significant lower than those in the traditional pond aquaculture group (P<0.05). The total amount of saturated fatty acids in the push-water aquaculture group was significantly lower than that in the traditional pond aquaculture group (P<0.05). These findings suggested that compared to traditional pond aquaculture mode, the push-water aquaculture mode could reduce the composition of muscle fat and saturated fatty acid of S. barcoo, but increase the content of crude protein, which improves the muscle quality of S. barcoo.

2026 Vol.33(2): 81–86    [Abstract] ( 9 )    [PDF 1256 KB ] ( 1 )

The serum biochemical and sex steroid hormone indices of Acipenser sinensis were measured in both marine and freshwater cultured female A. sinensis, in order to grasp the health level and gonadal development status of both marine and freshwater cultured A. sinensis. The results showed that（1）blood biochemical indicators: Urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, calcium and other indicators of the sea-farmed sturgeon were significantly higher than those of the freshwater farmed sturgeon （P<0.01）; Total protein, albumin and other indicators of the sea-farmed sturgeon were significantly lower than those of the freshwater farmed A. sinensis（P<0.05）; Globulin, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and other indicators of the freshwater farmed A. sinensis were not significantly different from the freshwater farmed A. sinensis（P>0.05）;（2）Sex hormones: Estradiol, testosterone, yolk proteins and other indicators were significantly lower than the freshwater farmed A. sinensis（P<0.05）; 11-ketotestosterone, progesterone, and other indicators of sea-farmed and freshwater farmed A. sinensis were not significantly different（P>0.05）. It was found that the serum protein levels of freshwater farmed A. sinensis were higher, indicating that the freshwater farmed A. Sinensis’s own metabolism was more stable. The higher serum metabolism level and blood glucose level of the sea-farmed A. sinensis indicated that their body fluid metabolism level, energy and nutrient supply level were higher. The higher levels of sex steroid hormones in freshwater farmed sturgeon indicated that seawater farmed sturgeon need freshwater conditions to further stimulate gonadal development and enhance sex steroid hormone levels. The results of this study can provide a reference for the “land-sea-land” seawater relay conservation and species protection of A. sinensis.

2026 Vol.33(2): 87–93    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 1377 KB ] ( 11 )

Due to the combined impact of global climate change and human activities, extreme hydrological events in the Panjiakou Basin have become more frequent, leading to a continuous reduction in inflow, which poses a significant threat to water security in downstream regions. To explore the contributions of global climate change and human activities to extreme runoff variations, the Mann-Kendall mutation test was used to analyze the mutation years of runoff data from 1960 to 2017, thereby dividing the baseline and change periods. The SWAT model, Budyko hypothesis, and elasticity coefficient method were applied to quantitatively separate the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff. The results indicated that from 1960 to 2017, there was a downward trend in precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and runoff depth in the Panjiakou watershed. A significant change point in the runoff series occurred in 1980. The average annual runoff depths during the baseline period（1960—1979）and the post-change period（1980—2017）were 68.40 mm and 46.79 mm, respectively. In years with abundant water, the contributions of climate change and human activities—assessed using the SWAT model, Budyko hypothesis, and elasticity coefficient methods—were 42.76% and 57.24%, 39.68% and 60.32%, 35.14% and 64.86%, respectively. In years with drought, the contributions of climate change and human activities were 30.37% and 69.63%, 37.45% and 62.55%, 35.64% and 64.36%, based on the same three methods. All three methods indicate that human activities are the dominant factor in the evolution of extreme runoff. These findings are of significant reference value for selecting appropriate methods for analyzing extreme runoff impacts, and for optimizing water resource scheduling and sustainable development in the Panjiakou Basin.

2026 Vol.33(2): 94–97    [Abstract] ( 8 )    [PDF 767 KB ] ( 1 )

China’s CCER market has been reopened, which has brought new vitality to the carbon trading market, but also put forward new requirements for the relevant accounting treatment standards. Based on the characteristics of forestry carbon sinks in CCER projects and the issue of property rights relationship, the article proposes to set up new accounting items “Environmental Assets” “Accumulated Amortization of Environmental Assets” and “Trading Environmental Assets”, respectively, to recognize the capitalized expenditures, amortized costs and issued amount incurred in the process of developing forestry carbon sinks of CCER projects, to adopt historical cost for initial measurement, and to adjust the book value of “Trading Environmental Assets” by adopting the fair value at the end of the year, so as to promote the healthy and rapid development of the forestry carbon sink industry of CCER project.

2026 Vol.33(2): 98–102    [Abstract] ( 11 )    [PDF 891 KB ] ( 7 )

Miao batik is not only a core carrier of Miao traditional culture but also a key intangible cultural heritage in Guizhou, holding significant value in cultural inheritance and economic development. Focusing on the Miao batik industry in Guizhou, this study adopts a combination of field research, questionnaire surveys, case interviews, and empirical analysis to explore the influencing factors and optimization paths of its brand construction. Based on 100 valid questionnaires, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity tests, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis are conducted to verify the effects of product design, brand positioning, promotional methods, and gender factors on brand construction. The results show that product design positively promotes brand construction, while vague brand positioning and unreasonable promotional methods exert inhibitory effects, and gender factors have differentiated impacts. Combining the characteristics of the industry, optimization paths are proposed from five aspects: precise positioning, product innovation, marketing communication, talent cultivation, and policy guarantee.